Ukiset写作素材：笛卡尔是过去几个世纪西方最重要的哲学家之一

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　　Rene Descartes (1596-1650) is one of the most important Western philosophers of the past few centuries. During his lifetime, Descartes was just as famous as an original physicist, physiologist and mathematician. But it is as a highly original philosopher that he is most frequently read today. He attempted to restart philosophy in a fresh direction. For example, his philosophy refused to accept the Aristotelian and Scholastic traditions that had dominated philosophical thought throughout the Medieval period; it attempted to fully integrate philosophy with the "new" sciences; and Descartes changed the relationship between philosophy and theology. Such new directions for philosophy made Descartes into a revolutionary figure.

　　The two most widely known of Descartes' philosophical ideas are those of a method of hyperbolic doubt, and the argument that, though he may doubt, he cannot doubt that he exists. The first of these comprises a key aspect of Descartes' philosophical method. As noted above, he refused to accept the authority of previous philosophers - but he also refused to accept the obviousness of his own senses. In the search for a foundation for philosophy, whatever could be doubted must be rejected. He resolves to trust only that which is clearly and distinctly seen to be beyond any doubt. In this manner, Descartes peels away the layers of beliefs and opinions that clouded his view of the truth. But, very little remains, only the simple fact of doubting itself, and the inescapable inference that something exists doubting, namely Descartes himself.

　　His next task is to reconstruct our knowledge piece by piece, such that at no stage is the possibility of doubt allowed to creep back in. In this manner, Descartes proves that he himself must have the basic characterisitc of thinking, and that this thinking thing (mind) is quite distinct from his body; the existence of a God; the existence and nature of the external world; and so on. What is important in this for Descartes is, first, that he is showing that knowledge is genuinely possible (and thus that sceptics must be mistaken), and, second, that, more particularly, a mathematically-based scientific knowledge of the material world is possible.

　　Descartes' work was influential, although his studies in physics and the other natural sciences much less so than his mathematical and philosophical work. Throughout the 17th and 18th Centuries, Descartes' philosophical ghost was always present; Locke, Hume, Leibniz and even Kant felt compelled to philosophical entanglement with this intellectual giant. For these reasons, Descartes is often called the "father" of modern philosophy.

　　This article provides an overview of Descartes' philosophical thought following the order of his most famous and widely-studied book, the Meditations on First Philosophy.

　　勒内·笛卡尔（1596-1650）是过去几个世纪西方最重要的哲学家之一。在笛卡尔的一生中，他和一位独创的物理学家、生理学家和数学家一样出名。但作为一位极具独创性的哲学家，他是当今最常被阅读的人。他试图重新开启哲学的新方向。例如，他的哲学拒绝接受整个中世纪主导哲学思想的亚里士多德式和经院式的传统；试图将哲学与“新”科学充分结合；笛卡尔改变了哲学与神学的关系。这种新的哲学方向使笛卡尔成为一个革命性的人物。

　　笛卡尔哲学思想中最广为人知的两个概念是双曲怀疑的方法，以及尽管他可能怀疑，但他不能怀疑自己存在的论点。第一部分是笛卡尔哲学方法的一个重要方面。如上所述，他拒绝接受先前哲学家的权威，但他也拒绝接受自己感官的明显性。在寻找哲学基础的时候，任何值得怀疑的都必须被拒绝。他决心只相信那些显而易见的、不容置疑的东西。笛卡尔用这种方式，剥去了笼罩着他对真理看法的层层信仰和观点。但是，剩下的很少，仅仅是怀疑自己的简单事实，以及一些怀疑存在的不可推论的推理，即Descartes自己。

　　他的下一个任务是一点一点地重建我们的知识，这样，在任何阶段都不可能让怀疑再次潜入。笛卡尔以这种方式证明了他自己必须具有思维的基本特征，而这种思维事物（思维）与他的身体是完全不同的；神的存在；外部世界的存在和本质；等等。对笛卡尔来说，重要的是，首先，他表明知识是真正可能的（因此怀疑论者必须是错误的），其次，更具体地说，一个基于数学的物质世界的科学知识是可能的。

　　笛卡尔的著作很有影响力，尽管他在物理学和其他自然科学方面的研究远不如他的数学和哲学著作。在整个17、18世纪，笛卡尔的哲学幽灵一直存在；洛克、休谟、莱布尼茨甚至康德都感到被迫与这个智力巨人进行哲学纠葛。由于这些原因，笛卡尔常被称为现代哲学之父。

　　本文按照笛卡尔最著名、研究最广泛的著作《第一哲学的沉思》的顺序，对笛卡尔的哲学思想进行了概述。

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