2018年托福口语练习：罕见的化石记录

　　近几年来，国内的联合国驻华机构和外企及合资企业在聘录用职员时，或国际基金组织在测试职员的英语水平时，也都采用TOEFL考试成绩。IBT 全称 Internet-based Test 的缩写，即托福网考，也就是现在的新托福，与旧托福最大的区别是多了个“网”，也就是通过网络，而不再是纸质的考试。美国的大学在录取工作中越来越看重托福成绩，尤其在2012年不少美国大学提高了对国际生的托福录取标准，托福录取分数线上调幅度大概在10分左右，比如凯斯西储大学(Top38)由2011年的80分上调至2012年的90分。中国大学生去纽约、伦敦、香港的大学留学，托福成绩都是被申请学校认可的。今天课窝小编为大家准备了托福口语练习，希望能够对你有所帮助，顺利通过2018年的托福考试，早日实现自己的留学梦!

　　罕见的化石记录A Rare Fossil Record

　　The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized. Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.

　　The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.

　　Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.

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