AP生物细胞词汇汇总以及运用

今天课窝小编为大家整理了AP考试下经常出现的有关AP生物细胞的词汇以及运用，考生赶紧记下来哦！希望对你的考试有所帮助。

prokaryote 原核生物

eukaryote 真核生物

cell membrane 细胞膜

phospholipid bilayer 磷脂双分子层

fluid mosaic model (生物膜的)流动镶嵌模型

diffusion 扩散

osmosis 渗透

active transport 主动运输

exocytosis 胞吐

endocytosis 胞吞

organelle 细胞器

chloroplast 叶绿体

mitochondria 线粒体

lysosome 溶酶体

ribosome 核糖体

cytoskeleton 细胞骨架

Cellular respiration 细胞呼吸

Includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes

Fermentation 发酵，无氧呼吸

A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.

Glycolysis 糖酵解

Carbohydrate metabolism whereby glucose is converted into pyruvate. Aerobic - pyruvate. Anaerobic - lactic acid/ethanol

Chemiosmosis 化学渗透

In chloroplasts and mitochondria, a process in which the movement of protons down their concentration gradient across a membrane is coupled to the synthesis of ATP.

Citric acid (kreb’s) cycle 三羧酸循环

Convert 3-C pyruvate to acetyl~CoA. The oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate is catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. It contains 3 enzymes that utilize 5 vitamin-derived cofactors: FAD (riboflavin), NAD+ (niacin)

thiamine pyrophosphate (thiamine), lipoic acid, Coenzyme A (pantothenic acid)

Oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化

The flow of electrons from NADH to FADH2 to O2 via the ETC and the phosphorylation of ADP to yield ATP make up.

Electron transport chain 电子传递链

A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of reactions that release energy used to make 34 ATPs.

Lactic acid 乳酸

Lactic acid is a poison and is harmful if allowed to accumulate

Photosynthesis 光合作用

The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes.

Autotrophy 自养生物

Organism that forms it own food molecules (carbon compounds) from abiotic material, or nonliving factors like the sun, minerals, etc.

Heterotrophy 异养生物

An organism that cannot synthesize its own food and is dependent upon complex organic substances for nutrition.

Light reaction 光反应

Light energy is converted to chemical energy, which is temporarily stored as ATP.

Calvin cycle (dark reaction) 暗反应

ATP and CO2 are used to create the necessary organic compounds- glucose- contains carbon.

Thylakoid 类囊体

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

Stroma 叶绿体基质

The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

Carbon fixation 固碳(合成糖)的反应

The enrgy of ATP and NADPH is used in the formation of organic molecules from CO2.

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