AP微观经济学重点（2）

无论什么考试只有掌握了考点，才能达到事半功倍的效果，今天课窝小编就为大家分享AP微观经济学重点，希望同学们都能熟记下来，争取考试中取得高分。

market structure

(1) pure competitive market

记住完全竞争的几大特点：

many sellers sell idential products to many buyers;

no barriers, means firms free enter and exit;

price is taken from the market, and the firm can sell as many products as they want at this price;

demand is perfectly elastic (horizontal line)，price = marginal revenue = average revenue

have allocative efficency (price = marginal cost)

利润最大化时是水平的demand curve 和上升的marginal cost 的相交点，向下和X轴相加的点是利润最大化时的产量;利润最大化时的产量那条垂直线和average total cost 相交，再做水平线与Y轴相交，则是平均成本点。由demand curve (代表selling price)，平均成本价和产量，即可得出是economic profit (平均成本价在卖价下面)，或是亏损(平均成本价在卖价上面)

记住：不论任何一种市场类型，要找利润最大化的产量，一定要先找到marginal revenue = marginal cost 的点，即MR 和MC的相交点，再向下与X轴相交于利润最大化时的产量

短期时几个重要点：

shut down position (price = variable cost)

break even position (price = average total cost)

profit maximizing position (price = marginal cost)

长期时：

economic profit = 0 (makeing normal profit, accounting profit is still a positive number)

price = average total cost

要会画图。长期时，水平需求曲线，上扬的边际成本曲线和U型的平均成本曲线相交于一点。

要会画representative firm 和 makret side by side graph. 别忘了，firm 的价格是从市场上拿来的。作为这个产业中成千上万卖者中的一个，firm 没有这个市场能力去改变调整价格。所以需求曲线是条水平线。

7-market structure

(2)垄断

characteristcis:

high barrier, only one seller,

has market power to make price (price maker), so demand curve is a normal slopping downward curve,

marginal revenue lies below the demand curve

no allocative efficency (price > marginal cost)

一定要会画垄断的图，有经济利润和发生亏损的两种情况。首先找到MR= MC的相交点，然后画一条经过此点的垂直于X轴的线，与X轴交于利润最大化时的产量;与demand curve 相交点画平行线与Y轴相交于垄断价格;与average total cost 相交点画平行线与Y轴相交于平均成本价格。如果成本价在垄断价之上，就是亏损;如果成本价在垄断价之下，就是盈利(economic profit)

注意demand curve 和marginal cost 相交点决定了socially efficent level, 可以看到垄断者利润最大化产量小于社会效率产量

monoploy has the market power to do price discrimation. Price discrimination is to charge different price for the same product in different markets.

必备条件是有能力收取不同价格，但保持成本不变;有能力根据需求弹性划分市场;可以排除黑市的干扰。

price discrimination can cause producer surplus increase, consumer surplus decrease.

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