A-Level经济学中经济租金和转移收入解析

　　A-Level课程证书被几乎所有英语授课的大学作为招收新生的入学标准。在中国开设A-Level课程旨在为中国学生提供进入国外大学的有效途径，具体目标为：培养在国内初高中成绩优秀的学生进入世界顶尖大学;培养在国内初高中成绩中等的学生进入世界一流大学;培养在国内初高中成绩一般的学生考取适合自己的大学。大部分英国学生都是用两年的时间修完这种课程，但能力很强的学生有时也可在更短的时间内修完。学生甚至可以直接在国内自学三到四门A-Level课程然后去北京、上海、广州等地英国文化委员会参加考试。这种课程要求学生学习三门或四门主科课程并参加毕业考试，考试合格者即可进入大学就读。学生的考试成绩及其所选修的A-Level课程在很大程度上决定着能否进入理想的大学和学习所选择的学位课程。为了方便同学们的A-Level备考，课窝考试网小编为大家收集整理了A-Level考试的相关信息，供大家学习参考，希望能为同学们的考试提供帮助。

　　Revision: Economic Rent and Transfer Earnings

　　Transfer earnings are the minimum payment required to keep a factor of production in its present use. It is the opportunity cost an individual forgoes when deciding to work in one job rather than the next best alternative.

　　Example - a man may decide to work as a shop assistant because they pay is better than if he was a waiter. By making this decision he forgoes the opportunity to work at, for example, Pizza Express. The opportunity is seen in terms of this forgone alternative. If Pizza Express were to raise its wage rates in order to attract more staff, there would come a point where the shop assistant might reconsider his decision and decide to be a shop assistant after all, as the opportunity cost of being a shop assistant has risen.

　　Economic rent is a payment received by a factor of production over and above what would be needed to keep it in its present value. I.e. it is the amount which someone can earn which is in excess of their transfer earnings (what they could earn elsewhere). It is a demand determined reward to labor and will be earned when labor is to some degree in inelastic supply.

　　Example – doctors are in almost perfectly inelastic supply because the number of places available to study medicine is determined by the government and the profession. To the extent that the demand for doctors exceeds the supply, they will be able to negotiate higher salaries than most could earn as research scientists or in other occupations

　　The factor that determines the level of economic rent in comparison to transfer earnings is the elasticity of supply of labor. The more inelastic the supply, the greater proportion of total earnings that is made up of economic rent and therefore there are fewer transfer earnings. Conversely, the more elastic the labor supply is, the more transfer earnings make up of total earnings, and so the economic rent is less.

　　Example – The difference in the earnings of two jobs, for example surgeons and shop assistants demonstrates the importance of supply. Firstly, surgeons are inelastic in supply, especially in the short run. This is because the education required to become a surgeon is long and demanding, and is essential for entry into the occupation. Also, not everyone has the required abilities to become and surgeon. This means that the supply of surgeons is limited, and does not vary greatly with wage rates. So in this case, a large proportion of surgeons’ total earnings are made up of economic rent.

　　However, in the case of shop assistant there is far less training required, a wider range of possible people suitable for the occupation. So, the labor supply would be relatively elastic, meaning economic rent will be relatively less important than in the case for surgeons. If the wage rates for butchers was to increase, a large amount of people, who would be able to work in the occupation, would be attracted to it (eventually casing wage rates to fall).

　　译文：

　　经济租金与转移收益

　　转移收益是保持生产要素在目前使用中所需的最低支付额。这是一个人在决定从事一项工作而不是下一种选择时放弃的机会成本。

　　例如，一个人可能会决定做一名店员，因为他们的工资比他是服务员要好。通过做出这个决定，他放弃了在比萨饼快递公司工作的机会。从这个放弃的选择来看，机遇是存在的。如果披萨特快会为了吸引更多的员工而提高工资率，那么店员可能会重新考虑他的决定，最终决定做一名售货员，因为店员的机会成本已经上升。

　　经济租金是一种生产要素所收到的支付，超过它所需的维持其现值的报酬。也就是说，某人可以赚取的收入超过他们的转移收益(他们可以在其他地方赚到的钱)。这是一种对劳动力的需求确定的报酬，当劳动在一定程度上处于非弹性供给时，将获得劳动报酬。

　　例如，医生的供应几乎完全缺乏弹性，因为医学研究领域的数量是由政府和行业决定的。在医生的需求超过供给的情况下，他们将能够获得比大多数研究人员或其他职业更高的薪水。

　　与转移收益相比，决定经济租金水平的因素是劳动力供给的弹性。供给越不弹性，由经济租金构成的总收入的比例越大，因此转移收益越少。反之，劳动力供给越有弹性，转移收益越多，总收入越高，经济租金越少。

　　例如，两个工作的收入差异，例如外科医生和店员证明了供应的重要性。首先，外科医生在供应方面缺乏弹性，特别是在短期内。这是因为成为一名外科医生所需要的教育是漫长而艰巨的，而且对于进入职业是必不可少的。而且，并不是每个人都具备成为医生和外科医生的能力。这意味着外科医生的供应是有限的，而且与工资率差别不大。因此，在这种情况下，外科医生的总收入中很大一部分是由经济租金构成的。

　　然而，在店员的情况下，需要的培训要少得多，适合的职业范围更广。因此，劳动力供应将相对弹性，这意味着经济租金将相对不如外科医生的重要性。如果屠夫的工资率要提高，大量的人将能够在职业中工作，这将吸引他们(最终套管工资率下降)。

　　希望各位备考A-Level课程的考生，阅读完这篇文章，能够有序高效的进行练习，尽快提升自己的考试能力，a水准培训小编会不断更新alevel考什么，a水准数学，alevel作文请大家继续关注课窝哦!