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我们先看看维基百科对 empiricism 的解释:
Empiricism is a theory that states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience.
It is one of several views of epistemology,the study of human knowledge,along with rationalism and skepticism. Empiricism emphasizes the role of empirical evidence in the formation of ideas, over the idea of innate ideas or traditions;empiricists may argue however that traditions (or customs) arise due to relations of previous sense experiences.
经验论是一种理论,这种理论认为知识主要是来源于人的感觉上的经验。是认识论、理性主义以及怀疑论的观点之一。实证主义强调了人在形成自己看法过程中经验证据的作用,而不是强调固有的看法或者是传统的作用。
Empiricism in the philosophy of science emphasizes evidence, especially as discovered in experiments. It is a fundamental part of the scientific method that all hypotheses and theories must be tested against observations of the natural world rather than resting solely on a priori reasoning, intuition, or revelation.
Empiricism, often used by natural scientists, says that "knowledge is based on experience" and that "knowledge is tentative and probabilistic, subject to continued revision and falsification." One of the epistemological tenets is that sensory experience creates knowledge. Empirical research, including experiments and validated measurement tools, guides the scientific method.
实证主义属于哲学范畴,强调证据,尤其是在试验中发现的证据。实证主义属于科学方法的一部分,所有的假设和理论都必须经过自然世界的观察得到验证,而不是纯粹靠先验推理,直觉,启示。实证主义认为知识是建立在人的经验基础之上的,知识是尝试,是一种可能,会持续不断的得到修改以及会出现歪曲的情况。认识论的信念中其中一个是感官体验创造知识。实证研究,包括实验本身,经过证实的检测工具等,指导科学方法。
试题分析
Benjamin Franklin’s reputation is so much one of appearing scientific investigation with commonsenseempiricism that it is somewhat startling to realize how _____ the great experiment’ s mentoring truly was.
A. reasonable
B. speculative
C. pragmatic
D. conjectural
E. careless
F. judicious
解析:startling 令人吃惊的,说明前后取反。和 empiricism 相反的是 speculative 和 conjectural。 两个单词都是“假设的”意思,表示凭空推测,没有证据证明。和 commonsense empiricism 正好相反,commonsen empiricism 是科学论证的过程,而 speculative 和 conjectural 是非理性的论证过程。
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