A-Level课程证书被几乎所有英语授课的大学作为招收新生的入学标准。在中国开设A-Level课程旨在为中国学生提供进入国外大学的有效途径，具体目标为：培养在国内初高中成绩优秀的学生进入世界顶尖大学;培养在国内初高中成绩中等的学生进入世界一流大学;培养在国内初高中成绩一般的学生考取适合自己的大学。大部分英国学生都是用两年的时间修完这种课程，但能力很强的学生有时也可在更短的时间内修完。学生甚至可以直接在国内自学三到四门A-Level课程然后去北京、上海、广州等地英国文化委员会参加考试。这种课程要求学生学习三门或四门主科课程并参加毕业考试，考试合格者即可进入大学就读。学生的考试成绩及其所选修的A-Level课程在很大程度上决定着能否进入理想的大学和学习所选择的学位课程。为了方便同学们的A-Level备考，课窝考试网小编为大家收集整理了A-Level考试的相关信息，供大家学习参考，希望能为同学们的考试提供帮助。
Revision: Agriculture in MEDCs
Agriculture in MEDCs is predominantly commercial as want to maximize profits. Farms are large, mechanised and technologically advanced to allow economies of scale. There is also very high diversity in MEDCs.
There has been a lot of modernization in farming towards rationalization and increase in productivity (Organized Industrial Agriculture.) Therefore there are now:
Larger farms – specialization leads to monoculture.
Fewer workers
Greater mechanization – USA & Canada bread basket of the world.
Greater use of fertilizers, pesticides etc.
Greater specialization.
Increased productivity due to:
Reasons for the intensification of farming
Most changes to farming in the 20th century have led to increased intensification & output. Intensification leads to pressures on the land and a specialization in products. Farms have steadily increased in size to allow economies of scale. Technology has helped this with the drainage of land, mechanization, irrigation etc. Also new varieties of seeds (HYVs) have been developed that are suited to British conditions. Winter wheat is used to give higher yields and Friesian cows give higher milk yields. Chemical fertilizers & pesticides are now also extensively used.
Farming has become more of a business leading to the development of the agribusiness:
Organizations and companies e.g. Birdseye have bought up farms to supply them, especially in productive lowlands e.g. E Anglia. These companies control all stages of production. In California, 2 companies produce 2/3 of all fruit & vegetables. Machinery has taken over from people & so jobs have been lost. This is now having an increasing effect in LEDCs.
Consequences of the Intensification of farming
EU subsidies promote environmental damage:
Cultivation extended to previously unsuitable areas such as Chalk downlands previously used for sheep farming. Young cereal crops planted in rows with bare soil in between to stop competition causes soil erosion – rills & gullies form. Made worse by machinery compacting the soil.
Prairie-ization - Hedges ripped out to create large fields – more efficient. This increases soil erosion as wind blows the topsoil off. The biodiversity of the area is also reduced as hedges provide a "wildlife reservoir" and are ecologically valuable. Similarly there is a loss of woodland and pond habitat, as land is needed.
Eutrophication – Use of fertilizer (e.g. NPK) leads to nitrates leaking into rivers causing algae bloom, Blue Baby Syndrome & cancer. The washing off of the fertilizers also loses the farmer money. The use of biocides also damages the environment e.g. DDT. The indiscriminate spraying of pesticides causes environmental damage. Pests may build up a resistance to pesticides (super-pests) so it is better to use biological pest control.
译文：
修订：MEDCs农业
MEDCs的农业主要是商业化的，以实现利润最大化。农场规模大，机械化，技术先进，允许规模经济。MEDCs也有很高的多样性。
农业现代化有许多向合理化和生产力提高的方向发展(有组织的工业农业)。
较大的农场-专业化导致单一文化。
工人少
更大的机械化-美国和加拿大面包篮的世界。
更多地使用化肥、杀虫剂等。
更专业化。
生产率提高：
农业集约化的原因
二十世纪的大部分农业变化导致了集约化和产量的增加。集约化导致土地的压力和产品的专业化。农场规模不断扩大，以实现规模经济。技术有助于土地的排水、机械化、灌溉等。还开发了适合英国国情的新品种(HYV)。冬小麦用来生产较高的产量，而弗里西亚牛则产奶量较高。现在化肥和农药也被广泛使用。
农业已成为农业产业发展的一项重要业务。
组织和公司，例如伯德赛，已经买下农场来供应它们，特别是在生产低地如Eangangi。这些公司控制生产的各个阶段。在加利福尼亚，2家公司生产2/3的水果和蔬菜。机器已经从人们手中夺走了，所以失去了工作。这在LEDCs的影响越来越大。
农业集约化的后果
欧盟补贴促进环境损害：
扩展到以前不适合的地区，如以前用于牧羊养殖的粉笔下坡地。在中间种植的裸露的谷物作物之间的竞争，导致土壤侵蚀-小沟和沟壑的形式。机器压实土壤使情况恶化。
草原化- Hedges被挖出创造更大的土地-更有效。这就增加了土壤侵蚀，因为风把表层土壤吹走了。该地区的生物多样性也减少了，因为篱笆提供了一个“野生动物蓄水池”，并且在生态上是有价值的。同样地，由于需要土地，森林和池塘栖息地已经丧失。
富营养化——使用化肥(例如NPK)导致硝酸盐泄漏到河流中，导致藻类泛滥、蓝色婴儿综合症和癌症。肥料的洗掉也失去了农民的钱。杀生物剂的使用也会破坏环境，例如滴滴涕。不加区别地喷洒杀虫剂会对环境造成损害。害虫可能对杀虫剂(超级害虫)产生抗性，因此最好使用生物害虫防治。
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